Comparative Morphological Analysis of Apple Blister Mite

Question: 1) Choose 2 from the 3 suggested areas below: Research relevant academic models and literature and apply to your chosen company.2) Comparative Analysis of the companys competitive position in its various markets.3) What considerations should your company look at when trying to create Social Impact .4) In addition to the above, Critically evaluate and analyse academic theories related to your two chosen areas, and discuss what your company needs to consider to enhance their business.? Answer: 1. Introduction In this assignment the selected company on which the comparative analysis and social impact will be created is Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is one of the top brands in the technology world. They are in the leading position when it comes for discussing about the electronic gadgets which are mainly used by the people and all the gadgets of this company are very advanced in technologies and the customers are always very eager to use Apple products. Apple is not only making hardware products of the electronic products but with that they are also making the software part of their hardware technologies. Apple has introduced themselves with their computers but later they diversified themselves by bringing new products in the market i.e. IPods, tablets, watch etc. As Apple has developed them from being a pioneer and specialised among the PC companies by creating products of high end technologies and the designs of their products with a focused powerhouse and constantly bringing new products into th e market. Apple is redefining them by bringing their products into those shapes what their customers are asking for. The strategies of Apple are under the microscope of the people so that they can understand what the reasons of the success that is taking Apple to the top position in the technology industry. In this assignment Apples interior strategy will be discussed in a detail. It will be seen that how Apple is differentiating themselves from their other competitors and also redefining their boundaries in the industry in which they are working. The corporate structure of Apple along with the highlights which are been given so that the innovations that are being made by Apple and all these factors are making Apple to stay in the driving force of the competitive advantage. In the assignment the other things which will also be discussed that the evolution which are been made by Apple in the personal computer industry and their positioning in the Macintosh computers as digital hubs w hich are adding a value chain in their digital services so that the models which they are integrating with the hardware and software and serving their products to their customers. Other companies are also trying to adopt the strategies which are been followed by Apple in their own companies so that they can also lead in the technology industry. 2. Comparative analysis of Apples competitive position in its various markets Apple is one of the best companies when it comes for comparative analysis in the market. The strategies which are being used by Apple are one of best as those strategies are helping the company to remain in the top positions in the market. With their innovative strategies Apple is giving their competitors a tough competition to their competitors. The comparative analyses which are helping them to be in the competitive analysis in the market are the various factors. There are two main factors with the help of which the comparative analysis of a company can be measured. The external factors and the internal factors helps the organizations to analyse them that how they are performing in the market both internally and externally. The PEST factors are the external factors which help an organization to analyse their external market and the Porters 5 force model helps an organization to understand that what the factors are which are making them strong and also weak in the market (Vidovi, and Petanovi, 2014). As Apple is seen as one of the leading brands in the digital asset in the management company and they are also providing their smart phones to the whole world and they are also the fisrt company who has come with the innovation of smart phones in the market. Seeing them many other companies are brining smart phones in the market. Apple has not only brought teh hardware products in the market but they also have come with their software which they using in their hardware products. Apple also helps their customers in buying and sharing their contents from their own market which has been termed as the App store where they sell their exclusive products only for those consumers who uses their products like for consumers who uses their iPad, iPhone the company has opened a media platform from where their consumers can buy their exclusive media products called iTunes (Chavez, Nadolnyak, and Kloepper, 2012). 2.1 Market Analysis In the year 2012, Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple was very excited when the sales of their iPhones and iPad were increased in the March quarter of that year. According to Tim Cook the innovation of iPad has given an immense growth to the company and this innovation has given a totally new direction to the Apple Inc (Jean, Egan, and Feder, 2013). Figure1- Sales and Administrative expenses of Samsung and Apple The sales of iPhones, iPad and Mac have increased by 7% and 188 % respectively. But on the other side the sale of iPod has gone down by 15 %. In 2012, in the second quarter was down in comparison to the first quarter of that year. In the first quarter Apple already has crashed down all their previous records and created a totally new record. In the below figure it will be shown that in that period Apple sold around 5.2 million Macs, 37.04 million of iPhones, 15.43 million of iPads and also around 15.4 millions of iPod. Products Quarter 2 2011 Quarter 1, 2012 Quarter 2,2012 Macs 3.76 million 5.2 million 4,02 million iPad 4.69 milion 15.43 million 11.8 million iPhones 18.65 million 37.04 million 35.06 million iPods 9.02 million 15.4 million 7.67 million Figure 2- Market Share of Apple Products in the 2011 and 2012 2.2 PEST Analysis To understand Apple operation direction, their potential in business and to know their situation in the market the PEST analysis is the best factors which will help in analysing the whole external factors of this company. Political factors- There are numerous problems which cannot be controlled like the health issues, terrorism, working style of the authorities and the geopolitical uncertainties and these factors affects the sale of Apple globally. To reduce their operating cost Apple has started outsourcing in many other countries like China, Cork, Korea, and Ireland. If there are any political issues and the company has to face those political hazards then it will affect the sales of the company and this make the likeness of the customers decrease towards the company and also among their dealers (Mates, Perfecto, and Badgley, 2012). Economic factors For a company their purchasing power mainly depends on the economic condition of the whole world. In the past few years unemployment has taken a great turn and this has decrease the sale of Apple products. One of the other reasons is the immense high of the oil price and that is one of the main causes of inflation which is affecting the total economy of the world. Due to all these economic factors the purchasing power of the people are decreasing and all these factors are giving a negative impact in the sales of the Apple products. But as the economic conditions of the whole world is getting better and the companies are buying the foreign currencies and along with that the revenue of the Apple Company is also increasing the global market which is giving a positive impact in their sales (Akdemir, Akcaoz, and Kizilay, 2012). Social factors- The design and the quality are the main important factors of Apple through which they started attracting their customers towards their products. As the purchasing power of people has increased so their power of buying luxurious products is also increasing and this is giving a totally different dimension in the market and also the people who prefers this type of electronic products like iPod, iPhones ands all other latest technologies of this brand. In Apple the influence of music is immense as the growth of music industry is also high so Apple has linked music with them by opening a store called iTunes from where their customers can buy as many as music they like and this is one of the best social factors adopted by any technology based industry (Lozano, and Gardiner, 2014). Technological factors- Apple has always taken the advantage of implementing the best and updated technologies in their products and this process is very much appreciated by everyone. Apple has invested a lot of time in doing the research and development regarding the technologies which they will be using within their products. It is seen that after every certain period of time Apple is coming up with their iPhones which are more technologically advanced than the previous ones and these updated technologies are helping the company in attracting their customers towards their products and these usage of advanced technology are making their customers loyal towards their brand and products. Recently Apple has introduced their watch from in which the customers with the time the can also browse their net and can also be available in different social sites. For all these reasons Apple is sticking in the number one position years after years and continuously trying to bring more innovative te chnologies for their customers (Eid, Ruocco, and Lorito, 2012). Figure -3- PEST Analysis of Apple 2.3 Porters 5 force Model Porters 5 force model helps in understanding the impact of Apple in the market. Rivalry in the industry is one of the common factors in the competitive market. If there is no rivalry then the companies will not force themselves to bring new innovative products in the market. Apple is doing a great job as they are creating loyalty among their customers and also providing their customers technical support. Samsung is their one of the tough customers as they are also following almost the same criteria which are being followed by Apple and this is creating a problem for Apple so they are trying to bring more advancement and modification into their products (Xu, Zheng, and Yu, 2014). Bargaining Power of Buyer- As a company Apple always try to reach their customers satisfaction and fro that they have a business model which is known as the Cutting down the middlemen . By using this model Apple has totally detached themselves from the suppliers and the middlemen which are mainly used by all the companies so that they can reach to their customers. But for reaching to their customers Apple has taken the help of the digital platform. They contact with the customers through their online sites and so that they can get their customers feedback regarding the improvements to their products which they can use in their new products. This helps the company to reach their customers satisfaction. As Apple is bringing new products along with their iPhones so that buyer can switch their products to other Apple products as the customers are price sensitive (Binyameen, Anderson, and Schlyter, 2014). Bargaining Power of Suppliers- Apples profit can be put down by the bargaining power of the suppliers. As Apple is an growing company so they are looking for new suppliers and along with that by collaborating with the new suppliers Apple can reduce the bargaining power of their suppliers by registering their suppliers with their online sites. Thus this will help Apple in decreasing their power and will be more competitive in the industry. New Entrant- With the entry of new companies the market share of Apple will also decrease. So, for marinating their market share Apple should differentiate them into products and brands. And this will help them in strategising and then the new entrants will find difficulties in competing with Apple (Tar, 2013). Substitute Products- Product can be substituted only at that time when the product is same otherwise not. So, threat of substitute can be done by two factors those are price and performance and these factors will only help at that time when the consumers will allow themselves to switch products and along with this the buyers should also have the willingness in switching their products. Samsung in one of the substitutes of Apple as if people are having difficulties in using the products of Apple then the customers switch them to Samsung products (Harris, 2014). Figure-4- Porters 5 Force Analysis 2.4 SWOT Analysis Another factor which helps in comparative analyses is the SWOT analysis which helps a company to understand their individual strength and weakness along with the opportunities and threats which they will be getting from the environment. Apple is not only into the business of making personal computers, and cell phones but they have expanded themselves into making of other electronic gadgets like watch, music player etc. The market position of a company is mainly measured by their operating performance, along with their increased numbers of investors in their business. But on the other side , the extreme competition is affecting the companys margin (Rothaermel, 2012). Strength- One of the major strength of Apple is their market positioning and the trust of their customers which has been raised with the help of Apples ecosystem and this is becoming one of the positive points for the competitive advantage of the company. Apple has been chosen as the most premiere company for three times in a row. In the year 2012, Apple was termed as the most valuable brand as their brand value was $ 76.5 billion (Friesner, 2011). Weakness The strong competition in the market is one of the major weaknesses of Apple as people are getting similar technologies of Apple in other products and also in a very low price. If they decrease their price then it will create a bad influence for their customers (Baum, Hackstein, and Mehling, 2012). Opportunities The iPad, iPhone which are been used by Apple are increasing their market share as these products have high demand among the customers and this is helping Apple in their competitive analysis. As the sales of Apple are increasing and along with that they are also launching the Apple TV which will create a buzz among the customers and they will be buying the product and this will increase their sales along with their market shares (Suh, 2014). Threats The rapid changes in the technology is one of the major threats of not only for Apple but also to their competitors and as the customers are becoming tech savvy so they are running behind those companies and products who are giving them the latest technologies. In USA, the increase of tax will affect in the growth of Apple. The software used by Apple is Apple iOS and their main competitor is Android OS. So, Android OS can dominate the power of Apple iOS and this is one of the major threats of Apple (Chen, Kim, and Yamaguchi, 2014). Figure -5- SWOT Analysis Samsung is one of the top competitors of Apple. The tools and applications used by Samsung are almost close to Apple and they are selling their items in much lower cost than Apple. Samsung in now shifting themselves in the I generation phone. As the price of Samsung, phones are less so customers, who are unable to buy Apple products, are buying the Samsung phones. Now a days people are mainly buying smart phones to keep them up-to-date with the social status. The monthly users of Samsung smart phones users are increasing than Apple. For this reasons the financial income of Samsung is also increasing and Samsung is almost close to Apple in financial areas. 3. Considerations in the social impact scenario 3.1 CSR Apple Inc is a renowned software company which does not believe in publishing a distinct and separate report for its Corporate Social Responsibility principles which it had followed in that particular year. It is also unique in a sense that it does not provide separate annual report to the shareholders individually. Rather the shareholders are requested to download the report from the website of the company. The Form 10-K of Apple does not include the CSR report. In this regard the company uses two documents which are listed below: The Code of Conduct of the Company and the Ethical Guidelines- it contains several information like disclosure of information, procurement, environmental impact assessment and safety norms, corporate governance and others. The Code of Conduct of the Suppliers of Apple- it consists of the several work related information and the working environment for the suppliers (Yu, 2015). The information of the company relating to the CSR Policies says that the company takes adequate measures to make sure the working processes and conditions conform to the environmental impact guidelines and are safe for the society. The staffs and employees are provided a nice and healthy work environment with good behavior from the superiors and the peers. The interests of the suppliers are also taken care of with utmost priority and every single action and process of the company is targeted to the welfare of the society. There is no detrimental impact of Apple Inc. towards the society and the persons who are associated with the company (Skrzypczyska, 2015). The company also follows diligently the CSR standards which need to be observed by the company at each and every stage. These are enumerated as follows: The involvement of the stake holders- The company does not disclose information about the involvement of the stakeholders in the CSR issues. Apple is a member organization of the EICC. This organization helps to initiate dialogues in between the company and the stakeholders. These include the NGOs, customers, representatives from the Government, the Socially Responsible Investors, several communities, association of industry, several groups of workers and the various universities (Shelton et al. 2015) The corporate responsibility- The company always gives priority to maintaining right and healthy environment in the factories of the suppliers. The supplier code of conduct of the company says that the company is absolutely involved in making the working environment in the supply chain absolutely safe and sound. The workers are given due respect and their safety is also taken care of. The processes used in manufacturing are also absolutely environment friendly (Sampson et al. 2015) Reporting clarity- There is no publishing of the CSR issues by the company. The company only provides the following information to the public: The Annual Report The Ethical Code of Conduct The Environmental issues which are disclosed in the website The Code of Conduct of the Suppliers The Process of verifying- There is not enough information on how the company matches the compliance issues of the suppliers with that of the Code of Conduct. There was an issue related to the suppliers at Apples office in China, which brought some trouble for the company. This is why the company is trying to make improvements in this regard (Raimi et al. 2015). These are the various CSR norms that are followed by Apple on a global scale. The policies have so far been found to be effective in the foreign as well as in the international markets. There has been a few discrepancies in China, which resulted in some controversies related to the company. But, Apple has managed to tackle the situation and remove the controversy. This is evident from the fact that it is currently one of the leading software giants in the industry worldwide (O'Mahony, 2015). 3.2 Environmental Impact Policies The company has a very stringent policy related to the environmental issues. These are included in the Code of Conduct of the Suppliers. They are enumerated as follows: Emissions of air- The emissions of air should be monitored so that there is no excess of the harmful particles above the permissible limit as per the law in force. The EICC assumes a general approach regarding this matter (Miller, 2015) Prevention of pollution- the company takes up a strong policy to reduce pollution and reduction of the resources available. Emissions from waste water and the solid wastes- Here also the EICC takes up a general approach. The norms which have been set up by the environmental laws on these emissions need to be observed carefully so that it does not cross the limit. The Permits- there are several permits which need to be obtained in relation to the environmental issues. There should be proper reporting of these issues to avoid any discrepancies. Without getting proper permission, there should not be any activities which will create an impact which might be bigger or smaller on the environment. The prohibitions and the management of the harmful substances- The company has framed a law relating to the maintenance of the safety hazard measures by the suppliers. The suppliers need to be abided by the companys Regulated Substances Specifications (069-0135) norms. The relevant specifications are mentioned in the companys Code of Hazardous Substance Management and Restrictions. The suppliers must follow each and every guideline relating to the use of hazardous substances. If they ignore the guidelines, then they might face trouble from the company and their licenses may be cancelled. Apple does not take any risk with its reputation in the society and it will not tolerate any deviations from the norms set up by the company. All the laws and guidelines relating to the recycling, disposal, storing, mobility and safe handling of the materials should be observed with due diligence and there should not be any deviation from them under any circumstances (Kusunoki, 2015). The company also follows a strict code of Ethics which are mentioned below: The countries in which Apple operates, it maintains the several laws related to the environment, use of harmful substances and maintenance of good health in the working conditions. This shows the flexibility of the company to adjust to the various prevailing conditions in the different countries it operates in (Ismail et al. 2015) es these country specific rules and regulations, the company has its own standards for the safety and security of the environment and the health of the public, which the company tries to maintain in conjunction with the country specific laws. The company undertakes several programs on safety and proper training related to the environmental safety norms to the staffs of the company. These training programs are extremely comprehensive and the company has made it compulsory for its staffs and employees to undergo these environmental safety norms training so that they can work under safe and secured environmental conditions and take adequate measures in case there is an emergency situation. Apple has also a very unique and innovative method to foresee the future risks that could arise and what is the probability of impact for each of those risks and even how far they can damage the workings and reputation of the company. All the contingencies relating to the health, environmental and safety issues are properly analyzed from beforehand and all the necessary action plans are designed to combat the situation if it arises in future (Gussow, 2015). Apple follows an approach which is focused on taking precautionary measures by assessing the future possibilities of hazards and risks .It follows this process throughout the entire production process starting from manufacturing to packaging of the products, designing and even during recycling. In this connection, it is worth mentioning that the computers manufactured by Apple have received the Energy Star Rating since 2001. All the Apple production sites are ISO 14001 certified. It states that the company handles the environmental and safety issues in an integrated and extremely professional way. The company also claims that all its products are RhoS certified and comply with the norms (Grieco, 2015). In this regard the guidelines and processes relating to the environment which have been followed by Apple as per the Greenpeace can be seen. The Greenpeace declaration is that for such a reputed company like Apple, the company has miserably failed in the most major criteria related to the environment (Dyck, 2014). The company does not follow the precautionary guidelines related to the environmental safety issues which it claims to be. It does not reveal the complete list of the substances which are regulated and there is no timeline maintained in the removal of the toxic substance like Polyvinyl Chloride and there is no proper guideline followed to phase out the several uses of Brominated Flame Retardants. The product recycling is also not up to the standards. However, the company reports satisfactorily on the volume of the electronic wastes recycled by the company. The amount of recycled material is expressed in terms of weight and not as a percentage of the sales figures. However, on the better side, Apple does not export the e-wastes that are collected and absolutely prohibits the recovery of plastic materials in the smelters (Akron et al. 2015). Apple says that in its approach towards manufacturing, it takes into consideration the feedback from the customers, guidance of the NGOs, new legal provisions and the internal assessment procedure of the company. The company claims to have followed this process since the 1990s. The company has also removed the BFRs and the PVCs from many of its future products. The company claims to have recycled above 21 million pounds of various electronic equipments from the landfills across several countries since 1994. For its USA customers, Apple has introduced a program of free recycling of the computers which are old and also the monitors on purchasing Macs. Another recycling initiative taken up by Apple in the area of recycling is that the company is conducting a free program where it is recycling the iPods through its retail stores. These stores are offering disposals which are completely environment friendly at a discount of 10% when the customers purchase a new iPod (Danilovic et al. 2013 ). 3.3 Human and Labor Strategies The Code of Conduct for the Suppliers of Apple consists of the following points with respect to the social policies. No additional explanation is provided unless the code differs from the EICC guidelines on a big scale. These are discussed under two heads as follows: Human and Labor Laws- The several provisions as to this law are discussed in the following points below: As per the rules of the EICC, there cannot be any discretionary medical tests on the suppliers. There should be uniformity in the process. The company code of conduct also talks about the similar issue but a bit more elaborative because it has setting out that the suppliers need not undergo pregnancy tests. The company is strict on any rude behavior towards the staffs, suppliers and harassment at work places and factories (Crotty, 2014) Labor which is engaged forcibly and without their consent. Apple is particularly dead against the use of children as a work force for the company and strongly discourages such acts. The code of conduct of the company is very flexible as compared to the norms set out by the EICC. The Apple code says that staffs and the suppliers must be given adequate periods of leave, time for vacation, and holidays as per the respective laws applicable in the respective countries. The company gives adequate importance to the proper and legal remuneration to the staffs and due compensation to the suppliers The independence of association- this part is more explicitly described in the company code of conduct than the EICC (Carroll, 2015) Measures of safety and health- This consists of the following points: Hygienic conditions maintenance in the industrial area Tools to tackle any emergency situation Ways for proper protection of health at work place and factory sites Any kind of injury or sickness that may occur during the work process Canteen and dormitory presence Jobs which can be physically challenging The Clause of Communication- It is not an integral part of the EICC. As per this law, the suppliers are required to intimate the workers on the health and safety information Committees for the safety of workers and their safe health- The rules advice the suppliers to form committees for safety and health of the workers. This is however not advocated by the EICC There is a section on Safeguarding of the machineries in the EICC. This is however not a part of the Code of Conduct of the Supplier for Apple (Balewski et al. 2015). 4. Critical Evaluation and Analysis As it is seen that in the competitive analysis of Apple that how the market share of Apple is increasing in the last few years as they are introducing new products and in the coming few years they will be introducing them in the field of television by launching television under their brand name and also the software which they are using in their television are all highly advanced technologies (Valentin, 2011). The PEST analysis is one of the main external factors which are helping Apple in analyzing their market. Along with introducing new product Apple is also willing to spread their business in all over the world so that people can easily get access to their products (DU, and ZHANG, 2012). The market share of Apple is helping them to analyze themselves among their competitors so that by copying their strategies their competitors do not beat them in the market competition. Along withal these factors the company has also keep their eye on the external factors so that by facing any ot her problem the sales of their product does not comes down (Fitzpatrick, Nguyen, and Cayan, 2015). If that happens then it will mark a bad influence among their customers then the customers will try to shift in other substitute products who are giving the almost same product and also in a very low price and if it happens then it will hamper the brand value of Apple (Johnson, 2014). The Porters five force model helps is analyzing their competitors be it new entrant or substitute. Both of these factors are threats to Apple (Singh, 2012). To stay in the top position Apple has to overcome these factors so that its competitors do not get a chance to stand and compete with Apple for their products. The SWOT analysis helps Apple in understanding their own strength and opportunities along with their weaknesses and threats. Every product in the market has their some positive points along with some negative points. If they are able to change their negative points into their positive points th en only they will be able to survive in the market and stay in the top positions. The weaknesses and threats of Apple will become the advantages of their competitors and in that areas the competitors will try to beat them by making the disadvantages of Apple their advantages and this will create a problem for Apple (Allio, and Fahey, 2012). So, to them strong in all the sectors Apple needs to keep on updating them and their products so that their customers be loyal to their company and how much the cost of their products be they should keep on buying Apple products and the technologies used by Apple need to be updated and they should use those updated technologies in their products so that the customers who are tech savvys will always be waiting for the new launches of Apple products so that they can buy the products and use them (Nag, Han, and Yao, 2014). As Apple is one of the growing companies so they are always ready to take feedbacks on their products and they tries to use thos e feedbacks into their new products so that they can reach to their customers satisfactions. By this it can be said that Apple is one of those companies whose first priority is to satisfy their customers as they know that their main capital is their customers. If their customers are along with them then only they will be holding their top rank otherwise not (Amrollahi, and Akhgar, 2013). We have already come across the different strategies followed by Apple relating to the CSR and the Environmental Safety Measures. It might be said by analyzing the above scenarios that although Apple is one of the stalwarts in the field of software and computer products all across the world, yet it is not completely the leader when it comes to observing the rules and regulations as per the compliance with the environment. The CSR structure of the company has been a sound one and it cannot be denied that Apple has taken many measures to offer ethical services to the customers by maintaining high quality of work standard which is mostly environment friendly (Arvidsson, 2014). It is well established that Apple takes care to keep its entire manufacturing process and even the supply chain absolutely environment friendly (Tam et al.2015). It has discouraged the uses of non-recyclable materials like plastics and other harmful substances within its factory premises and also in its several office premises. But, the company has failed to follow the safety norms in case of some of its operating plants, which was reflected by Greenpeace. After, the incident Apple also took care of the issues and removed the usage of the harmful substances from its future products. It might be said that if Apple manages to stay clear from these issues, it will definitely be more successful in the international and domestic markets. The company is already a big brand name and a pioneer in the software industry (Anadol et al. 2015). Conclusion In a nutshell it can be said that the competitive analysis of Apple with their competitors into different market and also their social impact in the market has marked a huge impact in the market. In the competitive analysis all the external and internal factors has been done which helps them in holding the top position in the technology market. The PEST analysis, SWOT analysis and Porters five force model helps Apple in analyzing their market both internally and externally which is helping them to understand their position individually and also among their competitors. With the help of these they can strategies their future in the market. As it is already known that Apple in among those companies who always try to innovate new products and they are one of the early adapters when there is any new technology in the market. Risk taking is one of the competitive advantages taken by Apple as they always function themselves among risks. As they use the closed ecosystem they have huge custo mers loyalty and well-built market positioning. One of the important factors used by Apple is their own media platform so that their customers can buy their most likable music whenever they want without any difficulties and for that Apple has been credited as they are using the business model of sustainable downloading of music . For these reasons Apple is known as the First most admired Company globally. In the social side Apple has maintained all the CSR norms which has been developed by the company. It has taken good care of the social responsibilities by providing high quality of products and services which are according to the environment safety norms. The company has used recyclable materials at most of its factory sites and also in the manufacturing of the products and services mostly. But in Greenpeace, it was found that the company has failed in certain aspects of environmental norms and there were use of certain substances which should not have been used in production. 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(2015) Corporate Social Responsibility and Entrepreneurship (CSRE): antidotes to poverty, insecurity and underdevelopment in Nigeria. Social Responsibility Journal, 11(1), pp.56-81 Sampson, H. and Ellis, N. (2015) Elusive corporate social responsibility (CSR) in global shipping Journal of Global Responsibility, 6(1), pp.80-98 Shelton, T., Poorthuis, A. and Zook, M. (2015) Social media and the city: Rethinking urban socio-spatial inequality using user-generated geographic information Landscape and Urban Planning Skrzypczyska, K. (2015) Social responsibility of companies operating in Poland Journal of Corporate Responsibility and Leadership, 1(1), p.71 Yu, X. (2015) Upholding labour standards through corporate social responsibility policies in China Global Social Policy Anadol, Y., Youssef, M. and Thiruvattal, E. (2015) Consumer reaction towards corporate social responsibility in United Arab Emirates Social Responsibility Journal, 11(1), pp.19-35 Arndt, A., Singhapakdi, A. and Tam, V. (2015) Consumers as employees: the impact of social responsibility on quality of work life among Australian engineers. Social Responsibility Journal, 11(1), pp.98-108 Arvidsson, S. (2014) Corporate social responsibility and stock market actors: a comprehensive study. Social Responsibility Journal, 10(2), pp.210-225 Balewski, B. and Janowski, A. (2015) Corporate social responsibility and human performance. ScienceRise 3(3 (8), p.7 Carroll, A. (2015). Corporate social responsibility Organizational Dynamics Crotty, J. (2014). CSR in BRIC countries Social Responsibility Journal, 10(1) Danilovic, M., Hensbergen, M., Hoveskog, M. and Zadayannaya, L. (2013) Exploring Diffusion and Dynamics of Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(3), pp.129-141 DiSegni, D., Huly, M. and Akron, S. (2015) Corporate social responsibility, environmental leadership and financial performance Social Responsibility Journal, 11(1), pp.131-148 Dyck, R. (2014). Youth Education for Social Responsibility Syst. Res., 32(2), pp.168-174 Grieco, M. (2015) Social sustainability and urban mobility: shifting to a socially responsible pro-poor perspective. Social Responsibility Journal, 11(1), pp.82-97 Gussow, L. (2015). My child ate poop! How one poison center established its social media presence. Clinical Toxicology, 53(5), pp.419-420 Ismail, M., Alias, S. and Mohd Rasdi, R. (2015) Community as stakeholder of the corporate social responsibility programme in Malaysia: outcomes in community development Social Responsibility Journal, 11(1), pp.109-130 Kusunoki, S. (2015) Hayek on corporate social responsibility Constitutional Political Economy Miller, S. (2015). Joint Epistemic Action and Collective Moral Responsibility Social Epistemology, pp.1-23 O'Mahony, P. (2015). Climate change: Responsibility, democracy and communication. European Journal of Social Theory Raimi, L., Akhuemonkhan, I. and Ogunjirin, O. 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